Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) represent a growing public health concern, particularly among women experiencing lifestyle shifts due to occupational and technological demands. This study examined age-related differences in MSD prevalence and determinants among Bahraini women using a convergent parallel mixed-methods design. Quantitative data were collected from 300 participants (150 young: 18–25 years; 150 adult: 30–50 years) using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form (IPAQ-SF). Complementary semi-structured interviews (n = 25) explored psychosocial and cultural influences on behaviour and pain perception. Results revealed a 12-month MSD prevalence of 62.7%, with lower back and neck pain most frequently reported. Adult women exhibited higher body mass index (BMI), longer sedentary time, and greater knee pain, whereas younger women reported more wrist and neck discomfort, likely linked to digital device use. Regression analyses confirmed that sedentary behaviour positively predicted MSD severity (β = 0.41, p < 0.001), while physical activity exerted a protective effect (β = −0.29, p = 0.002). Age significantly moderated the sedentary–pain relationship (β = 0.17, p = 0.03). Thematic analysis identified four core themes: (1) sedentary lifestyle as the norm, (2) social and cultural constraints, (3) pain ignored until severe, and (4) limited awareness of protective exercise. Integration of quantitative and qualitative findings revealed age- and context-specific mechanisms underlying MSD risk. The study underscores the need for interventions promoting digital ergonomics, workplace mobility, and culturally tailored awareness programs to reduce MSD burden among women in the Gulf region.
Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorders; sedentary behaviour; physical activity; ergonomic awareness; Bahraini women; mixed-methods; public health prevention, Bahraini women, physical activity among Bahraini women

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